International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Communication

Legal interpretation plays a central role in shaping constitutionalism, governance, and the rule of law in India. This paper offers a comprehensive academic analysis of the methods, principles, and institutional dynamics of legal interpretation as practiced by Indian courts, with particular emphasis on the Supreme Court and High Courts. It examines the conceptual foundations of statutory and constitutional interpretation, highlighting the interaction between textual, contextual, and purposive approaches within a common law framework. The study situates judicial interpretation within India‘s unique socio-economic and historical context, marked by constitutional supremacy, social transformation, and democratic pluralism. By analysing doctrines such as purposive interpretation, judicial review, the basic structure doctrine, and the tension between judicial activism and restraint, the paper demonstrates how courts have expanded interpretive techniques to address ambiguity, vagueness, and evolving societal needs. Comparative references to other common law jurisdictions further illuminate India‘s distinctive interpretive trajectory. The paper argues that Indian legal interpretation is neither purely textual nor entirely policy-driven; rather, it reflects a balanced engagement with text, purpose, and context. Ultimately, the study underscores that effective legal interpretation is essential for protecting fundamental rights, maintaining separation of powers, and ensuring the Constitution functions as a living instrument responsive to changing realities while preserving democratic legitimacy.