International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Communication

Democracy is commonly understood through the principle of popular sovereignty, which asserts that political authority ultimately resides with the people. This paper examines the historical, philosophical, and institutional foundations of popular sovereignty and its relationship with democratic governance. Tracing its origins from the Athenian model of direct participation to Enlightenment debates and modern representative systems, the study highlights how the meaning of ―the people‖ has evolved across political traditions. The paper critically engages with key tensions in democratic theory, particularly the distinction between procedural and substantive democracy, the challenges of representation and accountability, and the conflict between majority rule and minority rights. It further explores how pluralism, globalization, and supranational institutions complicate traditional notions of sovereignty in contemporary democracies. By analyzing deliberative and electoral mechanisms, the study argues that democracy should be viewed not merely as the rule of the majority, but as an ongoing process that requires civic education, institutional checks and balances, and strong adherence to the rule of law. The paper concludes that while popular sovereignty remains central to democratic legitimacy, its meaningful realization depends on inclusive participation, protection of fundamental rights, and responsiveness to social diversity. A nuanced understanding of popular sovereignty is therefore essential for sustaining democratic systems in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.